Saddle height
Knee angle at bottom of pedal stroke
140-150 deg
145-155 deg
If the angle is too small, the saddle is usually low. If it is too large, the saddle is usually high.
Hip position
Hip angle near top of pedal stroke
45-60 deg
50-65 deg
Closed hip angles can feel powerful briefly but often limit breathing and comfort.
Back angle
Torso angle from horizontal
35-50 deg
15-30 deg
Lower is not automatically faster if it causes neck, shoulder, or hip strain.
Elbow bend
Elbow angle on hoods or extensions
150-170 deg
90-110 deg
A slight bend helps absorb road vibration and keeps shoulders relaxed.
Saddle setback
Knee over pedal spindle check
Near neutral
Often slightly forward
Use KOPS as a starting point, then adjust based on comfort, power, and bike type.
Handlebar reach
Shoulder, elbow, and wrist line on the hoods
Relaxed shoulders
Stable elbows
If shoulders creep forward or wrists collapse, reach may be too long.